How to manufacture embodied robots: BOM table and component disassembly

Building a humanoid robot from scratch has long been a dream shared by robotics enthusiasts, researchers, and engineers worldwide. In January 2026, RoboParty made this dream accessible to everyone by open-sourcing Roboto Origin, recognized by WorldKings as the world’s first-tier full-stack open-source bipedal humanoid robot.

This comprehensive guide breaks down the complete Bill of Materials (BOM) for Roboto Origin, offering insights into robot component selection, manufacturing costs, and practical sourcing strategies. Whether you’re planning to replicate the robot exactly or build a customized version, this BOM analysis provides the roadmap you need.

Key Highlights:

Optimized for DIY assembly, research, and educational applications

Total hardware cost: approximately ¥49,804 CNY (~$7,000 USD)

34kg lightweight design with 20 degrees of freedom (DOF)

Full-stack open-source: hardware + software completely transparent


Understanding Roboto Origin’s Architecture

Before diving into the BOM details, let’s understand what makes this robot special:

Technical Specifications

Parameter	Specification
Height	1.25m
Weight	34kg
Battery	48V 15Ah
Leg Torque	120Nm (peak)
Arm Torque	27Nm
Degrees of Freedom	20 DOF (6 per leg, 5 per arm, 1 waist)
Maximum Speed	2m/s (up to 4m/s)
Controller	RDK X5
Depth Camera	Intel D435i (optional)
LiDAR	E1R (optional)

Design Philosophy

Roboto Origin’s full-stack open-source approach means:

• Mechanical design files available for all parts
• Electronic schematics and PCB layouts documented
• Control algorithms and source code publicly accessible
• Manufacturing workflows and BOMs shared transparently

This openness allows universities, startups, and robotics communities to replicate or improve upon the design without starting from scratch.

Complete BOM Breakdown by Category

1. CNC Machined Metal Components

The backbone of Roboto Origin consists of precision CNC-machined aluminum parts with 120-grit sandblasting and black anodizing finish. These components provide structural integrity and aesthetic appeal.

 Arm Assembly (4 Sets)

Part ID	Component Name	Qty per Set	Unit Price (¥)	Total Price (¥)	Description
ATOM-01-001	Atom arm (1)	4	120	480	Upper arm section
ATOM-01-002	Atom arm (2)	4	160	640	Middle arm section
ATOM-01-003	Atom arm (3)	4	110	440	Lower arm section
ATOM-01-004	Atom arm (4)	4	85	340	Wrist connector

Subtotal: ¥1,900

 Leg and Torso Components

Part ID	Component Name	Qty	Unit Price (¥)	Total Price (¥)	Description
ATOM-01-005	IMU Carrier Board	1	110	110	Sensor mounting
ATOM-01-006	Side Plate Cross Plate	2	85	170	Structural support
ATOM-01-007	Inner Thigh	2	1,500	3,000	Critical load-bearing component
ATOM-01-008	Battery Bottom Cover	1	420	420	Battery enclosure
ATOM-01-009	Shoulder	2	160	320	Arm joint housing
ATOM-01-010	Sole of Foot	2	150	300	Foot base plate
ATOM-01-011	Sole Connecting Rod	2	100	200	Foot linkage
ATOM-01-012	Ankle Roll Connector	4	35	140	Ankle joint mechanism
ATOM-01-013	Hip Joint Fixation	1	1,800	1,800	Critical hip assembly
ATOM-01-014	Hip Splint	2	350	700	Hip support structure

Subtotal: ¥7,160

Total CNC Metal Components: ¥9,060 (approximately 18% of total cost)

Key Manufacturing Insights:

• High-cost components: Inner Thigh (¥1,500 each) and Hip Joint Fixation (¥1,800) represent premium precision machining
• Surface treatment: All parts feature 120-grit sandblasting for uniform matte finish
• Black anodizing: Provides corrosion resistance and professional appearance
• Material: Likely 6061-T6 or 7075 aluminum for optimal strength-to-weight ratio
  

2. Actuation System (Servo Motors and Controllers)

The actuation system is the most significant cost driver in the BOM, accounting for approximately 60% of total hardware costs.

 High-Performance Servo Motors

Roboto Origin uses custom RoboParty servo motors with the following characteristics:

Component Type	Quantity	Estimated Unit Price (¥)	Total Price (¥)	Torque Specifications
120Nm Leg Servos	12	2,500	30,000	Primary leg joints
27Nm Arm Servos	8	1,800	14,400	Arm actuation
Waist Servo	1	1,200	1,200	Torso rotation
Total Estimated Servo Cost	21 units	–	¥45,600	–

Note: While exact servo prices aren’t listed in the public BOM, market analysis of similar high-torque humanoid robot servos suggests these estimates.

 Motor Specifications Analysis

Leg Servos (120Nm):

• Likely brushless DC motors with harmonic drives or cycloidal gearboxes
• 14-bit encoders for precise position control
• Designed for high torque and fast response
• Critical for bipedal stability and dynamic motion

Arm Servos (27Nm):

• Lower torque compared to leg motors
• Faster response for fine manipulation
• Optimized for pick-and-place operations
  

3. Electronic Control System

The electronic architecture forms the robot’s “brain” and nervous system.

 Core Controller

Component	Specifications	Estimated Cost (¥)
RDK X5 Compute Module	ARM Cortex-A55, 8-core @ 1.5GHz, 10Tops GPU, 8GB RAM	3,500
Motor Control Boards	Custom designed servo driver PCBs	2,000
Power Distribution	48V to 24V/12V/5V converters	1,500
IMU Sensor Unit	Inertial measurement for balance control	800
Total Electronics	–	¥7,800

RDK X5 Capabilities:

• High-performance computing for AI and computer vision
• 10Tops GPU for real-time processing
• 8GB LPDDR4 RAM for complex algorithms
• Supports Ubuntu and ROS (Robot Operating System)
  

4. Sensor Suite

Roboto Origin’s perception system enables autonomous navigation and environment interaction.

 Optional Sensors

Sensor	Model	Purpose	Estimated Cost (¥)
Intel RealSense D435i	Depth camera	3D Visual Perception	3,000
E1R LiDAR	2D/3D mapping	Environment Mapping & Navigation	2,500
Force Sensors	–	Feedback for contact detection	1,000
Microphones	–	Voice interaction	500
Total Optional Sensors	–	–	¥7,000

Note: These sensors are optional for basic walking but essential for autonomous operation and advanced AI features.

5. Power System

Reliable power delivery is critical for humanoid robot operation.

 Battery Pack

Specification	Value
Voltage	48V
Capacity	15Ah
Chemistry	Likely Li-ion (18650 cells)
Estimated Runtime	2-3 hours (moderate activity)
Estimated Cost	¥2,000

Power Management:

• Battery management system (BMS) for safety
• Voltage converters for different subsystems
• Charging circuitry with thermal protection
  

6. Fasteners and Small Components

While not itemized in the public BOM, a humanoid robot requires numerous small parts:

Component Category	Estimated Quantity	Estimated Cost (¥)
M3/M4 Screws	200+	500
Standoffs and Spacers	50+	300
Cable Management (zip ties, clips)	100+	200
Total Small Parts	–	¥1,000

Cost Analysis Summary

Total Estimated Cost Breakdown

Category	Cost (¥)	Percentage
CNC Machined Metal Parts	9,060	18.2%
Servo Motors (21 units)	45,600	91.5%*
Electronic Control System	7,800	15.7%
Sensors (Optional)	7,000	14.0%
Power System	2,000	4.0%
Fasteners & Small Parts	1,000	2.0%
Total	¥49,804	100%

*Note: Servo motor costs are estimated based on market analysis. The official BOM lists total at ¥49,804, suggesting actual servo costs may differ.

Cost Optimization Strategies

Based on this BOM analysis, here are strategies to reduce build costs:

 1. Servo Motor Substitution

• Alternative brands: Consider ODrive, Dynamixel, or high-torque hobby servos
• Trade-off: May compromise on performance, precision, or durability
• Potential savings: 30-50% on actuation costs

 2. Material Selection

• Aluminum grades: Use 6061 instead of 7075 where strength requirements permit
• Surface treatment: Eliminate black anodizing on non-visible parts
• Potential savings: 15-25% on CNC parts

 3. Manufacturing Method

• 3D printing: For non-structural prototypes or learning builds
• Laser cutting: For flat components with simple geometries
• Trade-off: Reduced strength, precision, and aesthetics
• Potential savings: 50-70% on structural components

 4. Sensors Selection

• Budget alternatives: Use cheaper depth cameras or LiDAR sensors
• Trade-off: Reduced range, accuracy, or reliability
• Potential savings: 40-60% on sensor costs

Sourcing Components for Your Build

Where to Purchase Components

 Official Channels

• RoboParty Website: Official distributor for complete kits
• GitHub Repository: Links to recommended suppliers
• Benefit: Guaranteed compatibility and support

 Alternative Suppliers

Servo Motors:

• Dynamixel: Robotis offers hobbyist and professional series
• ODrive: Open-source high-performance servo drives
• AliExpress/Alibaba: Cost-effective Chinese manufacturers

CNC Parts:

• Local machine shops: Precision machining with quick turnaround
• Online services: PCBWay, Xometry, 3D Hubs
• Trade-off: Shipping delays, quality variations

Electronics:

• DigiKey/Mouser: Official distributors for RDK X5
• Amazon/Chinese retailers: Cost-effective for generic components

Quality Considerations

When sourcing from alternative suppliers:

• Verify specifications: Ensure torque, speed, and voltage match requirements
• Check compatibility: Mounting holes, shaft dimensions, connectors
• Read reviews: Reliability and customer feedback
• Understand warranties: Return policies and support availability
  

Assembly Guide Overview

Tools Required

Category	Tools
Assembly	Hex wrenches (M2, M3, M4), screwdrivers, pliers
Electrical	Soldering iron, wire strippers, multimeter
Programming	Computer, USB cables, ROS development environment
Testing	Balance stands, safety equipment, workspace

Assembly Sequence

1.Frame Assembly: Build robot skeleton from CNC parts

2.Actuator Installation: Mount servo motors in designated locations

3.Electronic Integration: Install control boards, sensors, and wiring
4. System Testing: Power-up, calibrate, and initial motion tests
5. Software Setup: Install ROS, configure controllers, and develop control algorithms

Estimated Assembly Time

Phase	Time Required
Mechanical Assembly	20-30 hours
Electrical Wiring	10-15 hours
Software Configuration	15-20 hours
Testing and Tuning	20-30 hours
Total	65-95 hours (8-12 days for hobbyist)

Applications and Use Cases

Educational Platforms

Roboto Origin serves as an excellent educational platform for:

• Universities: Robotics and AI research programs
• High schools: STEM education and competitions
• Hackerspaces: Community learning and collaboration

Research Applications

Researchers leverage Roboto Origin for:

• Bipedal locomotion studies: Gait optimization and balance control
• Embodied AI: Sensor fusion and decision-making algorithms
• Human-robot interaction: Communication and social robotics

Prototyping and Development

Developers use the platform for:

• Algorithm validation: Testing control strategies before custom builds
• Hardware benchmarking: Comparing servo performance and design choices
• Product development: Starting point for commercial robot products

Challenges and Considerations

Technical Complexity

Building Roboto Origin requires:

• Mechanical engineering knowledge: Understanding kinematics, torque, and load distribution
• Electronics expertise: PCB design, power management, and sensor integration
• Programming skills: ROS, Python/C++, and control theory
• 3D modeling: CAD for custom modifications

Financial Investment

Total build cost (~¥50,000 CNY / $7,000 USD) represents:

• Significant investment for hobbyists
• Reasonable for universities and research labs
• Competitive compared to commercial humanoid robots

Safety Considerations

⚠️ Important Safety Notes:

• High-torque motors: Can cause serious injury if mishandled
• Heavy components: 34kg requires proper lifting techniques
• High voltage: 48V battery demands electrical safety
• Moving parts: Keep clear during testing and operation

Future Development and Customization

Community Contributions

The open-source nature of Roboto Origin encourages:

• Design improvements: Community-enhanced versions and mods
• Software enhancements: New algorithms and features
• Cost reductions: Alternative manufacturing methods and component substitutions

Customization Opportunities

Popular modifications include:

• Upgraded sensors: Better depth cameras, tactile skins
• Enhanced computing: More powerful GPU or additional edge units
• Aesthetic changes: Custom colors, 3D-printed casings
• Functional additions: Manipulators, tools, communication devices

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I build Roboto Origin with a lower budget?

Yes, through several strategies:

• Substitute with lower-cost servo motors (30-50% savings)
• Use 3D-printed parts instead of CNC metal (50-70% savings)
• Eliminate optional sensors for basic functionality (14% savings)
• Potential total cost reduction: 40-60%

What’s the most expensive component?

The servo motor system (21 units) represents approximately 60% of total build cost. High-torque leg servos (120Nm) are particularly expensive due to precision gearboxes and encoders.

How long does it take to build?

For a dedicated hobbyist with some robotics experience:

• Mechanical assembly: 20-30 hours
• Electrical integration: 10-15 hours
• Software setup: 15-20 hours
• Testing and tuning: 20-30 hours
• Total: 65-95 hours (8-12 days)

Do I need advanced programming skills?

Basic operation requires fundamental programming knowledge:

• ROS (Robot Operating System) basics
• Python or C++ for control algorithms
• Linux command-line for system management

Advanced features (AI, computer vision) require:

• Machine learning frameworks (TensorFlow, PyTorch)
• Computer vision libraries (OpenCV)
• Sensor fusion algorithms

Can I modify the design?

Absolutely! Roboto Origin’s full-stack open-source license allows:

• Mechanical modifications: Redesign parts for different purposes
• Software customization: Adapt algorithms for new applications
• Hardware upgrades: Swap components for improved performance
• Commercial use: Build products based on the design

What’s the learning curve for beginners?

Complete beginners may find the project challenging:

• Time investment: 3-6 months for full understanding
• Skill requirements: Mechanical, electrical, and programming knowledge
• Recommended approach: Start with simpler robots (hexapods, arms) before humanoid

Intermediate hobbyists with some robotics experience:

• Time investment: 1-3 months to complete build
• Existing skills: Electronics, basic programming, and mechanics
• Recommended approach: Join community forums and seek mentorship

Are there any ongoing costs?

Beyond initial build costs:

• Electricity: Charging battery ($5-10/month)
• Maintenance: Servo wear and tear ($100-500/year depending on use)
• Upgrades: Sensors, computing, and accessories as needed
• Software: Generally free, open-source updates

Conclusion

The Roboto Origin BOM reveals a sophisticated, professionally engineered humanoid robot designed for accessibility, performance, and educational value. With a total cost of approximately ¥50,000 CNY ($7,000 USD), it represents one of the most affordable full-size humanoid robots available for DIY builders and researchers.

The full-stack open-source approach pioneered by RoboParty democratizes humanoid robotics, enabling:

• Global collaboration on improvements and innovations
• Educational access for universities and schools
• Rapid prototyping for commercial development
• Community growth in robotics and embodied AI

Whether you’re building the exact Roboto Origin or creating a customized derivative, this BOM guide provides the foundation for your humanoid robot journey. The future of robotics is open, accessible, and waiting for your contribution.

Ready to start building?

1. Download official files: Visit the [Roboto Origin GitHub repository](https://github.com/Roboparty/roboto_origin)
2. Review complete documentation: Explore schematics, CAD files, and assembly guides
3. Join the community: Connect with other builders on forums and Discord

4. Begin sourcing components: Use this BOM to plan your purchases

5. Start building: Begin your humanoid robotics adventure today!

Additional Resources

Official Resources

• Robot BOM List：“https://gitee.com/roboparty/roboto_origin/blob/main/assets/BOM.md”
  GitHub Repository: “https://github.com/Roboparty/roboto_origin”
• BOM Document: Available in `/assets/BOM.md`

Learning Materials

• ROS Tutorials: [http://wiki.ros.org/](http://wiki.ros.org/)
• Robotics Courses: Coursera, edX robotics specializations
• DIY Robotics Books: “Make Your Own Humanoid Robot” guides

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Disclaimer: This guide is based on publicly available BOM information and market analysis. Actual costs, specifications, and component availability may vary. Always verify compatibility and specifications before purchasing components.